Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts Methods and Strategies.

Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts Methods and Strategies. Analysis Defining the specifics of social relationships and analyzing the principles in accordance with which these relationships develop is, perhaps, one of the most complicated tasks for a writer of courtly texts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts: Methods and Strategies. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because of a large variety of factors, starting with the complexity of the leadership model adopted by the head of the state, up to the structure of the society in question and the traditions of the time, the means of defining social ranks turns into a major problem. However, with the help of an array of literary tools, the authors of some of the most famous courtly texts, Benvenuto Cellini with his Vita and Baldesar Castiglione in his The Book of the Courtier manage to nail down the specifics of social relationships in a very accurate manner. One of the most fam ous representatives of courtly texts writers, Castiglione used assorted methods of introducing his idea of social ranks in court. Although his concept of social ranks was also largely based on the idea of masculinity, Castiglione used different tools in order to convince the reader in the necessity to follow the principles of gender profiling. The examples of gender based social ranking within the court system can be found throughout the text: â€Å"I bear to women as these ladies think, but for my own good†1. However, some researchers argue that Castiglione was, in fact, the first to suggest that the courtly relationships between men and women should be based on the principles of chivalry, along with the ideas of â€Å"kindness and noble courtesy†2. Therefore, apart from masculinity, nobility principles should be mentioned as the elements required for the court social rankings to base on, Castiglione explained3. Castiglione’s text is a perfect example of humani st principles working their way into the society of the XV century.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another peculiar concept that Castiglione seems to cling to concerns the phenomenon that Bernard4 defined as rhetoric of exemplification. Not only does it allow envisioning the court system in motion, but also link the actual reader and the internal reader. In contrast to Castiglione, Cellini uses more obvious methods to define social ranks. In fact, Cellini disregards the idea of incorporating more subtle literary devices and shifts the emphasis from a slight mimicry of social relationships in his work, as Castiglione suggests, to downright instructing on the principles that social relationships must be based on. When it comes to defining the specifics of Cellini’s writing style, one must give him credit for using the imagery created throughout his work to his advantage. Not only does he mold characters efficiently, but also knows how to use them to make an impression on the reader. One of the most obvious â€Å"instructions† concerns the way in which Cellini envisions male – female relationships. Cellini obviously insists on male superiority, nearly comparing women to objects at some point of his work: â€Å"As a background to the women, there was spread an espalier of natural jasmines in full beauty†5. The given objectification of women often occurs on Cellini’s reminiscences, and is in most cases made by the narrator: â€Å"Now I must make you understand that the woman is mine†6. Another tool used by Cellini in his attempt to describe the system of social ranking within the court system, the transition from an artisan to an artist also deserves a proper mentioning7. In fact, Cellini reinvented the entire concept of being a courtier, stressing the significance of art as the means to separate the p osition of a courtier and any other position that a civilian may possibly take. Finally, such tool as self-representation deserves a thorough scrutiny. Indeed, when considering the approach that Benvenuto Cellini uses to describe the principles of social relationships and the concept of social rank, one will inevitably realize that the author does not analyze the environment that already exists but, instead, molds it in accordance with his vision of society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflecting the Concept of Social Rank in Courtly Texts: Methods and Strategies. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, Cellini resorts to the methods that can be defined as mimesis. When taking a closer look at his work, one will eventually note that Cellini creates a model of social behavior for people to comply with and, therefore, defines the existing social ranks instead of providing his commentary on the already existi ng ones. Though hardly being a literary device, self-representation still makes the structure of social rank seem more palatable, since it allows defining the leader and, therefore, tracing the course of the directions that shape the society and grant its members with particular social ranks. According to Gardner, the given model adds an artistic touch to the strategy chosen by Cellini; she states explicitly that Cellini’s Viva broke new grounds as â€Å"an example of an individual’s attempt to mold his own reputation and historical legacy through a cohesive literary representation of his personality and his art†8. One should give Cellini credit for his idea of using masculinity as the key tool for defining the principles of social ranking. The given tool works rather well in the context of the text, yet hardly seems efficient on its own. Another tool that serves its purpose of defining the specifics of the social stratification of the era and at the same time c onvinces the audience is a careful stylization of the text. It is remarkable that the choice of vocabulary made by the author has stood the test of time successfully: â€Å"the autobiography makes things easy by addressing the reader in a comfortable, if stylized, English [†¦]. A measure of the status of these translations has been the fact that no one ties to replace them with fresh, modern ones†9. Thus, the use of masculinity principles defines the roles that men and women are supposed to take within the court by stressing the necessity for the former to participate within the system, and for the latter to remain a part of the background.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is quite peculiar that the process of objectification of women is practically described in Cellini’s book as he mentions the process of sculpting a lily, which serves as the metonymy for Gismondo’s wife (whose name is actually never mentioned in the book): â€Å"I promised the jewel should be twice as good as the model.†10 Correspondingly, Cellini assumes that women are not supposed to take active part in court meetings, as well as they must not offer and, worse yet, defend their point of view in court; on the contrary, women are viewed as damsels, the pretty faces that are not expected to have any significance of the court processes and course of events. Consequently, the manifestation of the artistic autonomy seems like the next obvious stem in Cellini’s design of social structure within the court. Apart from making it clear that a member of the court has to undergo a transformation from an artisan into an artist, Cellini states that the latter is su pposed to enjoy artistic autonomy for his actions to have a tangible effect on the artist’s subjects. It is worth stressing that Cellini uses a hyperbole to prove his point by claiming that artistic leaders â€Å"made a crown of artistic glory for their city above anything the world had seen†11, which shows that his means of reflecting the social rank were rather harsh and straightforward. The differences in the methods chosen by the authors in question are defined largely by the goals that these authors pursued in writing their books. While Castiglione was clearly trying to shed some light on the events of the epoch and provide a fairly decent account of the latter, Cellini was obviously trying to strengthen his power over the nation even more. As a result, the representation of the social rank in two texts did not quite match, Cellini’s one being more focused on the subordination issue When it comes to defining the differences in the way that Cellini and Casti glione described the social ranks of their time period, it should be mentioned that Castiglione used a wide range of tools that served their own unique purpose and were to reflect the true state of the society. It is obvious that Cellini’s take on the representation of the social ranking in his courtly autobiography is more than obvious – it is a straightforward, in your face manifestation of Cellini’s viewpoint, which is far from being democratic. The author clearly puts his stake on the expressivity of his arguments and the convincingness of his speech, which can be easily traced in the numerous reiterations of certain elements of his argument. The aforementioned masculinity, therefore, ousts the very idea of democratic relationships, as well as democratic attitudes towards women; quite on the opposite, masculinity serves as the means to subdue women to the dominance of men and to subdue any attempts of resistance against it. In many ways, Cellini’s sel f-representation defines the manner in which social ranks were depicted in courtly texts of the time. Castiglione, on the opposite, prefers to express his idea of the court members’ social roles and the position of men and women in court in a more discrete manner12. In addition, Castiglione does not seem to rely on his authority among readers when defining the key principles of social ranking in court. Instead, the author decides to integrate the principle of masculinity, which still remains the key to arranging court’s social ranks, together with the idea of introducing gentlemanly manners, as Hinz defined Castiglione’s strategy13. The given method works rather well with the target audience, even though it lacks the persistence that Cellini’s work has.  Cavallo, in her turn, makes it obvious that Castiglione uses portrait as the key tool in his representation of social ranks in court. In contrast to Cellini, Castiglione adopts – or, at the very least, pretends to adopt – an objective viewpoint by having several narrators in his story and, therefore, drawing a portrait of a courtier by using what is supposed to be several opinions. The efficacy of the given method is amplified by the fact that the narrators do not seem to agree on their visions of a courtier: â€Å"the critics have uncovered tensions on various forms which threaten to disrupt the game and to expose deep rifts under the elegant courtly veneer†14. Defined as the engagement of both the actual reader and the internal reader into the argument, the given method works quite well and is much more subtle than the one that was chosen by Cellini. According to Bernard, â€Å"Hence from the vantage point of the author the limited, indeed parochial, perspective of his texts interlocutors stands in contrast to his own hard-won prudential knowledge† (Bernard 34). However, the aforementioned does not mean that Castiglione disregards the idea of using ma sculinity in his writing. There are evident traces of the chauvinist concepts in his work as well, which signify that the court was still organized in accordance with the idea of male dominance. Nevertheless, Castiglione uses other tools apart from masculinity principle in his work, which can be explained by his lack of certainty regarding the efficacy of masculinity in his persuasion. It should be noted, though, that the given authors were not the only ones who resorted to the integration of masculinity ideas into the principles that the court was guided by; as recent researches show, a number of theorists considered masculinity and the dominance of men in the court as the only legitimate principle that the latter could be organized by. Apart from the concept of masculinity and the gender issue in general, the authors make efficient use of a range of literary devices, including hyperbole and reiterations of the argument throughout the work. However, compared to the aforementioned d istinctive feature of both works, the given devices can be seen as minor ones. Conclusion It would be wrong to assume that the methods of reasoning used by the two authors are impeccable; more to the point, they are rarely objective. However, what one cannot deny these authors with their methods is the efficacy of the latter. Although the emphasis on masculinity as the necessary feature of court social relationships is being stressed by both authors, Cellini seems to be more persistent with his chauvinist concepts, while Castiglione clearly attempts at introducing the elements of chivalry into the courtly relationships between men and women. In addition, Cellini, being obsessed with the idea of power, sees the social ranking system as the means to reinforce his influence among the representatives of the court, thus, stating blatantly that he needs to use the existing court system to his advantage. While the given principle works bizarrely well on the target audience of Cellini, Cast iglione understandably avoids black-and-white judgments, preferring to introduce the principles of courtesy into his system of social rankings. Each work clearly serving its purpose, it can be assumed that the tools used by both writers to represent the concept of social ranking within the court system are fully justified, though not quite appropriate in the XXI century. A product of their time, the given tools perform their social function well enough for their authors to be credited as innovators. Bibliography Bernard, John, ‘Formiamo un Cortegian’: Castiglione and the Aims of Writing,’ MLN 115 (2000), pp. 34–63. Castiglione, Baldesar, Ct. ‘Book of the Courtier,’ in Project Gutenberg http://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt. Cavallo, Joan, ‘Joking Matters: Politics and Dissimilation in Castiglione’s Book of the Courier,’ Renaissance Quarterly 53 (2000), pp. 402–424. Celli ni, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. Creighton, Gilbert, ‘Cellini’s Other Medium: His Writings and Their Reception,’ Studies in the Decorative Art 14 (2006–2007), pp. 19–25. Gardner, Victoria, ‘Homines non Nascuntur, Sed Figuntur: Benvenuto Cellinis Vita and Self-Presentation of the Renaissance Artist,’ The Sixteenth century Journal 28 (1997), pp. 447–465. Hinz, Manfred, ‘Castiglione, Gracin, and the Foundation of Gentlemanly Manners in Early Modern Europe,’ in Dietmar Schloss, ed. Civilizing America: Manners and Civility in American Literature and Culture (Heidelberg, Germany: Universittsverlag Winter, 2009), pp. 2-18 Richards, Jennifer, ‘Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero,’ Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001), pp. 460-486. Saccone, Eduardo, ‘The Portrai t of the Courtier in Castiglione,’ Italica 64 (1987), pp. 1–18. Footnotes 1 Castiglione, Baldesar, Ct. ‘Book of the Courtier,’ in Project Gutenberg http://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt. 2 Castiglione, Baldesar, Ct. ‘Book of the Courtier,’ in Project Gutenberg http://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt. 3 Richards, Jennifer, ‘Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero,’ Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001), pp. 460-486 (p. 462). 4 John Bernard, ‘Formiamo un Cortegian’: Castiglione and the Aims of Writing,’ MLN 115 (2000), pp. 34–63 (p. 35). 5 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 6 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gut enberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 7 Gardner, Victoria, ‘Homines non Nascuntur, Sed Figuntur: Benvenuto Cellinis Vita and Self-Presentation of the Renaissance Artist,’ The Sixteenth century Journal, 28 (1997), pp. 447–465. 8 Gardner, Victoria, ‘Homines non Nascuntur, Sed Figuntur: Benvenuto Cellinis Vita and Self-Presentation of the Renaissance Artist,’ The Sixteenth century Journal, 28 (1997), pp. 447–465 (p. 447). 9 Creighton, Gilbert, ‘Cellini’s Other Medium: His Writings and Their Reception,’ Studies in the Decorative Art 14 (2006–2007), pp. 19–25 (p. 19). 10 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 11 Cellini, Benvenuto, ‘Autobiography,’ trans. By John Addington Symmons, in Project Gutenberg gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/7clln10h.htm. 12 Saccone, Eduardo, ‘The Portrait of t he Courtier in Castiglione,’ Italica, 64 (1987), pp. 1–18 (p. 1). 13 Hinz, Manfred, ‘Castiglione, Gracin, and the Foundation of Gentlemanly Manners in Early Modern Europe,’ in Dietmar Schloss, ed. Civilizing America: Manners and Civility in American Literature and Culture (Heidelberg, Germany: Universittsverlag Winter, 2009), pp. 2-18 (p.2). 14 Cavallo, Joan, ‘Joking Matters: Politics and Dissimilation in Castiglione’s Book of the Courier,’ Renaissance Quarterly 53 (2000), pp. 402–424 (p. 402).

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013

How To Install Microsoft Access 2013 Due to its widespread availability and flexible functionality, Microsoft Access is arguably the most popular database software in use today. Here we explain the Access 2013 installation process in a straightforward manner.  In order to install Access, youll need Access or Office installer (on CD or downloaded file). If you are trying to install an earlier version of Microsoft Access, see ​our guide on installing Microsoft Access 2010. Heres How Verify that your system meets the basic requirements for Access. Youll need at least a 1GHz  or faster processor with 1GB of RAM. Youll also need at least 3GB of free hard disk space.Ensure that your operating system is up-to-date. Youll need Windows 7 or later to run Access 2013. Its a good idea to apply all security updates and hotfixes to your system before installing access by visiting the Microsoft Updates site.Launch the Office installer.  If you are working from a downloaded copy of Office, open the file that you downloaded from Microsoft.  If you are using an installation disc, insert it in your optical drive. The installation process will begin automatically and ask you to wait while the system connects to your account.You will then be prompted to sign in to your Microsoft account.  You may choose to provide your account information by clicking the orange Sign In button or you may opt to bypass this process by clicking the No thanks, maybe later link.The installer wi ll then ask you if you wish to learn more about whats new in Office 2013.  You may choose to view this information by clicking the Take a look button or bypass this step by clicking the No thanks  link. Youll then be asked to wait a few minutes while the Office 2013 installer completes its work.When the installation completes, you may be prompted to restart your computer. Go ahead and do so.When your computer restarts, the first thing you should do is visit the Microsoft Update site  to download any security patches for Access. This is a critical step.

Discussion Shared Practice - Reflection and Trends PART II Assignment

Discussion Shared Practice - Reflection and Trends PART II - Assignment Example h you mentioned the issue of mobility, I am convinced that the era of IT mobility is already with us and that into the future, there will be much emphasis on accessibility, such that the need to build more devices that can give access to internet will be given attention. If for example there will be laptops that come with preinstalled internet access, it should be even easier to move IT everywhere a person goes, given the importance that internet plays in IT system (Currier, 2010). Chen, S., & Chang, B. (2012). The effects of absorptive capacity and decision speed on organizational innovation: A study of organizational structure as an antecedent variable. Contemporary Management Research. 8(1), 27–50. Retrieved March 31, 2014 from the Walden Library databases. Â  Your post has been very insightful for me in understanding the need to fastening measures aimed at protecting IT data. This is because for all this while, I had really not thought about how basic human factors can also deny an organization access to information needed to play very specific roles at a given time frame. But mentioning issues like sickness makes it important that the means of storage of IT data could be through a more accessible means such as cloud storage, which demands access over the internet (quote). I am not surprised that you mentioned the means of storage as one of the trends affecting business. To add to your presentation, I am hopeful that organizations can get the most out of the future of information system if they will build a workforce that is ready to embrace the trends. By this, the need to employ workers who have in-depth knowledge on the use of IT will be

Computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer - Essay Example The main reason I would not save my digital photos on Internet storage after reading Coates’ article is the inference Internet storage can be more beneficial to businesses than individuals. If I only considered this argument, then I would take the AOL route. However, I continued my research. I took a look at http://www.drivehq.com/secure/signup.aspx?refID=28050 which is Drive Headquarters. This storage system allowed for 1GB Free, 1GB + 1GB Free for $2.99/Month or $29.99/Year, 2GB + 1GB Free for $4.99/Month or $49.99, 5GB +1GB Free for $7.99/Month or $79.99/Year, 10GB for $12.99/Month or $129.99/Year, or 20GB for $19.99/Month or $199.99/Year. This option allowed for a registration with a name, email, and TOS agreement. Individuals signing up must have a valid email address which would require validation. The second website I researched was https://www.box.net/signup/g which is the location of Box.net. This Internet storage site has three options for storage; Individual, Professional, and Business. All options have a fourteen day free trial. After the free trial Individuals pay $9.95, Professionals pay $19.95, and Businesses pay $15.00 per month. Individuals get 5GB, Professionals receive 15GB, and Business receive 30GB+. The registration requires a name, email address, and phone number. There is also an space for a promo code. This service also provides live customer support. Drive Headquarters is cheaper, but does not have the support Box.net. I would also choose Box.net because it is more generated toward individuals. Online storage advantageous by freeing up computer hard drive space. The disadvantages include high costs and possible hacking by a third party. I would not advise a friend to use Internet storage due to the whole concept is more business friendly. For digital pictures and important files, I will continue to email them to my email address saving them as I go. Bayerische Asphalt-Mischwerke is a German

Old Growth Forest Essay Example for Free

Old Growth Forest Essay Question: a strong opponent of logging old growth forests Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I am Leeson, and today I am going to talk about whether we should log the old growth forests. Firstly, what are old growth forests? Old growth forests are those where the overstore is in the late mature growth stage with the presence of relatively large old trees, many containing hollows and often with the presence of dieback or dead branches in the crown. They are so important to the human life, as they are like the climate change mitigation. Also, a lot of animals can only live in old growth forests, just like fish can only live in water. In Victoria, we know old growth forests to be â€Å"Forests which contain significant amount of its oldest growth stage in the upper stratum. † What does this mean? It means these forests are historically, culturally, ecologically significant and valuable. Therefore, we human have no reason to log any of the old growth forest. Firstly, the old growth forests mitigate the climate change. Old-growth forests store large amounts of carbon in wood, humus, and peat, they are an important part of carbon sequestration and its impacts on climate change and climate change mitigation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said in its 2007 report: â€Å"In the long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fibre or energy from the forest, will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit. As we know, the climate problem is one of the most serious problems that human are facing to, if we keep logging the old growth forests for human living while we are polluting the environment for human development, we will not have a nice future to be with. So stop logging the old growth forest! Secondly, old growth forests are the only home for a lot of animals. Image if I drive a bulldozer through in your home, how would this make you feel? Where would you go? The ecologically value and significance of old- growth-forests is they can do something that other forests cannot do: they act as the home of various forms of wildlife. Without old growth forests, where would they live? The report from Bureau of Rural Sciences from Australian Government said: â€Å"A number of wildlife species are reliant on these types of forest because of the range of nesting hollows and greater structural complexity they have in comparison with forests in earlier stages of development. Obviously logging the old growth forests indicates killing plenty of wildlife, and it is not humane at all! That’s why we shouldn’t log the old growth forests. In conclusion, the old growth forests are acting a important role in nature, not only do they house various forms of wildlife, but they also store more carbon then they emit, so that to mitigate the climate change. Hence, we should not log the old growth forest, for any human use. Thank you!

Biography of Kurt Vonnegut Essay -- essays research papers

Kurt Vonnegut Jr. was born to third-generation German American parents in the city of Indianapolis, year 1922, November 11th. While at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis, Vonnegut was heavily involved with the school’s daily newspaper, the first and only daily high school newspaper in our nation. During his time at Cornell University, Vonnegut became the school paper’s senior editor. World War II then began, and so Vonnegut joined our nation’s armed forces. Mother’s Day came in 1944, and during this time while Vonnegut was home on leave, his mother committed suicide. Later on while in the army, Vonnegut was sent to Europe where he was captured and made into a POW by Germans. He witnessed the 1945 bombing of Dresden, which was later said to have killed more civilians than the bombing of Hiroshima. After the war Vonnegut studied anthropology at the University of Chicago and married his childhood sweetheart, Jane Marie Cox. In 1958, Vonnegut’s sister died of cancer, which was seemingly timely with her husband’s death-by-train-crash only hours earlier. Vonnegut adopted three of his sister’s four children, adding to his three biological ones at the time. Vonnegut is given a total of seven. In 1965 Vonnegut was the teacher of the University of Iowa’s Writer’s Workshop, and had separated himself from his family in order to support them. This may have contributed to him and his wife’s estrangement in 1970. Nine years later they made their divorce official to the state. Vonnegut promptly afterward married photographer Jill Krementz. In 1982, the new couple adopted a young daughter, bringing Kurt Vonnegut’s sum of children to an impressive seven. Although Kurt Vonnegut has always been a reader’s favorite, his works did not become cr... ...ldly, level. The central conflict of Any Reasonable Offer is instead one that focuses itself upon one man. Harrison Bergeron features a central and obvious antagonist, where after I finished reading Any Reasonable Offer I found the Peckhams to not be very antagonistic but instead clever. Lastly, Harrison Bergeron can be seen as speaking out against a totalitarian civilization. Any Reasonable Offer does not speak out against any types of dangerous government control. It is instead an interesting sequence of events from one man’s life. It may have taken him twenty years, but Vonnegut was finally able to make his name known to the world of literature. Today he is regarded as one of the most important writers of the 20th century. His career goes to show that becoming an accomplished author isn’t always easy or immediate, few authors are able to quickly jump to the top.

Plain English at Work: A Guide to Business Writing Speaking by Edward Bailey Essay

Edward Bailey conveys deep yet simple approach to writing and communicating effectively. A comprehensive guide to writing, the book is in the first-person perspective and Bailey’s style to writing simply conveys his thoughts to the reader through simple and understandable words and sentences. The feel of the book is as if Bailey directly communicates with the reader, talking or addressing in a simple way. His aim is to write simply, avoiding complex words and wordy paragraphs that provide clear understanding on the part of the reader. Chapter 1: What is plain English writing? The first chapter of the book discusses the essentials of English writing. Bailey first defined what plain English is: ‘a way of expressing your ideas clearly in writing and speaking.’[1] He then enumerated three principles in plain English writing:  · Style: This involves writing in clear, readable, and simple sentences rather than complex ones. As Bailey suggests: ‘write more the way you talk.’[2]  · Organization: The main idea or topic is immediately written at the start to avoid confusion of ideas or redirecting the flow of the topic.  ·   Layout: Lastly, this principle is merely an organization of thoughts into a bullet form, subtitles or headings that can be helpful, visually. Bailey then discussed the different forms of plain writing as he compared and contrasted plain writing from businessese or business writing. He used businessese as a form of writing dialect which he compared to ‘academese, leaglese, bureaucratese’ etc. Writing should be plain and simple, as presented in the example where business writing often uses wordy sentences on a simple idea that confuses its main point and is sometimes prone to misinterpretation. Plain writing encourages reader to prefer simple words rather than complex one since, according to psycholinguists, the comprehension of complex and simple words of the human mind is a few hundred milliseconds but does not contribute to strain on short-term memory which helps better understanding.[3] He then presented several institutions in society that encourages plain English writing like the US military, federal agencies, and even lawyers. At the end of the chapter, true to his notion of organization and layout, he presented the overall structure of the book and enumerated the ideas that are to be found in the succeeding chapters. Chapter Summary Bailey presented the idea of plain English writing as a means of communicating effectively as well as providing a clear understanding of the main topic or idea. Plain English is easy to read and write that can be used to provide understanding on a simple or complex idea. Wordiness and highfaluting words often contribute to misunderstanding or misinterpretation. The aim of speaking and writing is to directly convey to the reader the main subject or idea, especially on the perspective of business writing. The application of this method is true, especially on business writing since it is essential for members of the working industry to directly convey the message of intent so as to avoid confusion or misinterpretation. In addition, the notion of simple or plain writing may seem unacceptable to some standards of writing because of simplistic use of words. However, the point of writing is to directly convey the message of the writer, and through the use of simple words, ideas ranging from easy to complex can be easily explained through proper organization of thought, word usage, and such. Chapter 2: Style: writing a readable sentence The chapter discusses the first principle Bailey mentioned in effective, plain, English writing. For Bailey, style involves utilizing the way one talk or speaks. ‘Write more the way you talk – with ordinary words, a variety of punctuation, personal pronouns and contractions.’[4] For the author, the most effective way of plain writing is to ‘write the way you talk’ –write as though you are directly communicating with the reader. One should also write in an organized and polite manner. However, the problem with writing as though you talk may sound simplistic or simple-minded. However, Bailey countered this argument by simply writing on the level of how one would communicate with the other. Basically, the difference between talking to a five year-old to a 25-year old is the way one talks. Therefore, writing entails the process of how one would commune themselves to the other. Tips on Talking and Writing[5] †¢ Imagining oneself communicating with the reader minus the phonetic punctuations like uhhs, and ums. Speaking and writing go hand in hand. †¢ Use ordinary words. Wordiness contributes to confusion. o Example: instead of commence, use begin †¢ Variety of punctuation (Question marks are a good way to eliminate monotonous sentences) o Example: The main point is that the defective computer disks are not the responsibility of the manufacturer. = Just who is responsible for defective computer disks? †¢ Use more personal pronouns: It enables using the active voice rather than passive voice. †¢ Use more contractions o Example: Can’t, won’t, don’t, that’s. Rules on Writing Bailey suggested that the use of contractions and the aforementioned tips in writing may slightly deviate from the rules set during the formative years in school. However, Bailey argued that not all rules are followed. He categorized them into three: rules we all agree with, rules few people agree with, and rules amateurs follow and professional don’t. Rules People Follow Bailey mentioned the use the universal rules of writing and grammar. ‘We all know to start sentences with capital letters and end them with periods or other terminal marks of punctuation.’[6] These rules are not the object of controversy in most writing cases since people know these rules and follow them. Rules Few People Agree With Bailey mentioned a case on pop-grammar where he cited an example from the writing styles of The New York Times. â€Å"The Soviet Union evidently is not able to convince Cairo to accept a rapid cease fire.†[7] The use of pop-grammar in this sentence refers to the usage most pop-grammarians argue about. These are the grammar experts who have the know-how on the rules of usage. Rules Amateurs Follow and Professionals Don’t Basically, these rules are used by professionals that sometimes do not follow the standard rules of writing and the issues on pop-grammar. Bailey mentioned John Trimble in his book Writing with Style: Conversations on the Art of Writing; list ‘Seven Nevers’[8] 1. Never begin a sentence with and or but. 2. Never use contractions. 3. Never refer to the reader as you. 4. Never use the first person pronoun I. 5. Never end a sentence with a preposition. 6. Never split an infinitive. 7. Never write a paragraph containing only a single sentence. To Bailey however, the way to simple writing is eliminating the ‘never’ in the aforementioned rules. Professional writing often involves spoken English, and these rules are not often followed, even by professionals. Chapter Summary Bailey enumerated several uses on style. The main argument of the chapter focuses on writing as one would speak. This enables an effective way of communication through simple word use, contractions, and questions as well as putting one’s shoes on the perspective of the writer directly talking to the reader. On the subject of contractions, the use of which may not be acceptable to the standards of formal writing or journalism. It is preferable for these contractions (can’t, won’t) to be spelled out (can not, will not) in order to be considered appropriate usage, especially on academic writing or journalism. Though contractions may not suit formal standards of writing, its usage does not make it wrong or inappropriate. The main theme of the book is to write as though one would speak, and the use of contractions helps in directly conveying messages by being simple and easy to understand. Chapter 3: Organization: getting to the point Chapter Summary In lieu of simple English writing, the main topic or subject should be easily spotted, preferably at the beginning of every paragraph, though not necessarily as the first sentence. This involves what the writer wants to readers to do, purpose or opinion. Often, if main ideas are not placed at the beginning of a paper or article, it confuses and frustrates the reader as they are lost reading through pages of paragraphs without ever realizing what the whole topic is all about. Therefore it is preferable, according to Bailey, that main ideas should be placed up front. Common problems why main ideas are placed at the end:  · to make readers read the entire document: to build the case so reader will more likely to accept the main point  · to re-enact how the writer learned something  · to delay bad news However, most readers do not bother finishing the entire document if main ideas are nowhere to be found up front. Readers bored with the pointless arguments of preceding paragraphs jump to the end in order to understand the main point. In the case of delaying bad news, the whole mood of the paper is compromised as tension and suspense build up – not really the intention of proper business writing. Stating bad news also involves proper tone usage. â€Å"With bad news, tone becomes extremely important. You probably want to say something with a less rude tone than: You’re fired.†[9] The proper way to convey bad news is to directly mention it at the beginning. Why Main Ideas Should be Placed in the Beginning  · It avoids frustration on the part of reader. The reader immediately grasps the idea instead of having to read countless paragraphs without understanding the main idea.  · It directly conveys the message of the writer (to do something, expectation, etc.)  · In writing chronologically, the main idea should be placed at the beginning since it would take time to know what really happened. Readers do not want a blow-by-blow account of what happened. Chapter 4: Layout: Adding Visual Impact Layout is â€Å"something that appears open and inviting.†[10] A good layout of a paper or work encourages readers to plough on through the paper’s entirety and also helps in the organization of thoughts and ideas. Three Layout Techniques  · Short paragraphs: Writing through short paragraphs instead of writing a block of text encourages readers to read more in between spaces instead of having to look at text crammed in one page. The ‘text-heavy’ concept is applied in newspapers as the layout of articles is placed in between-ads or pictures so as not to appear boring.  · Headings: This provides an organized way of arranging thoughts instead of numerous paragraphs. By dividing different thoughts or ideas into ‘subtitles’, it gives a visually appealing look for the reader and also a proper organization of thoughts (e.g. newspapers, textbooks).  · Bullets/Lists: Similar with the use of headings, bullets and lists provide an organized detail of a main subject or idea rather than incorporating all ideas into a long paragraph. On the case of numbered lists, this can be used when providing steps or instructions. Chapter Summary Through the use of the aforementioned thought organization techniques, these methods help the writer in organizing thoughts and ideas in a manner that will catch the attention of the reader and would encourage to read on. In addition, the use of these techniques is not only applied in the business perspective but also in journalism and other forms of writing. It is important, especially on business writing, to organize thoughts or details to directly convey the message and to avoid confusion. This rule also applies to writing in general, as proper writing involves clear and concise thoughts, proper word usage, and organization of thoughts, not merely a hodgepodge of ideas.

Gang Violence among Adolescents

Whenever I see young adolescents loitering or hanging out in streets, doing nothing worthwhile but trying to act tough while showing it to their friends or hurting other people, I feel nothing but regret. They should have been at school, learning things that could help them have a better job and future, or at home helping their family and having fun with them. They could do so much if only they make better use of their time and youth. Local governments are faced with the problems associated with gang violence among adolescents.Preventing adolescents from wasting their lives should be a matter of importance for communities, and this should be prioritized because adolescents can have a better future away from the streets. When crowds of young people gather, they may take a group identity. Other groups or even them, may identify themselves as gangs. Furthermore, cliques tend to identify the formation of a gang as a result of threats or conflicts, police pressure and media coverage.Accor ding to studies, gang behavior is â€Å"situational in nature,† and the attribution of hostile behavior to one gang may further contribute to the formation and identity of a gang. In addition, it may be further solidified once â€Å"neighbors, police, school authorities, and others identify unsupervised groups of young people as gangs† (Short, 1996, p. 3). Preventing young people from being associated with violent gangs have been one of the priorities of communities. Past studies showed that gang violence continue to plague communities as gang-related crimes increased over time.For instance, in 1995, it showed that gang-related homicides increased. From 1979 to 1994 alone, a record of 7,288 gang-related homicides was documented in Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). The proportion of gang-related homicides increased from 18 to 43 percent (Maceo, 1995). These figures alone would tell how worse gang violence has become. Gang violence brings young people to jails. In fa ct, many adolescents have been charged for being involved in criminal activities.Just this year, a 15-year-old student was killed by a young man who was an alleged member of a violent street gang. The 18-year-old suspect, who pleaded guilty, was charged with 30 years in prison (Castaneda, 2009). This scenario should not be the kind of life that young people must have. Families should be the first ones involved as they are the primary influencing factors in the lives of adolescents. In the case mentioned above, the parents of the victim were completely unaware that their son was a member of a gang. They learned about it when it was too late to save their son.Parents should know the things that their children are being involved in, and must find ways to talk to their children about the consequences of joining gangs that tend to be violent. Parents should encourage their children to be involved in more worthwhile activities, such as sports, that would further develop their skills and i mprove their talents and make them better individuals. The community also has responsibilities in preventing the existence of violent gangs. There should be constant patrols especially in dark and derelict areas.It would be also beneficial if there are programs designed to lure young people away from the streets, such as volunteer works or business ventures that would teach adolescents the importance of working and being properly compensated for a good work done. Moreover, a center for young people can help those who are trying to get out of gangs and trying to change. Attention must be focused to those who want a way out because they might be harmed due to their willingness to have a better life. These young people should really have a good, fruitful life that a violent gang can never give them.

Case Note Example

Case Note Example Case Note – Coursework Example Insert Valilas v Januzaj Valilas v Januzaj EWCA Civ 436 is a recent English contract law case concerning when a repudiatory breach is legal (Palmer 1). Mr Valilas entered an informal contract with Mr Janujaz under which the latter would use his facility and equipment for dental treatment in exchange for half of his monthly earnings. Mr Janujaz had another agreement with the resident Primary Care Trust (PCT), which paid him beforehand on monthly basis for meeting the threshold of agreed units during that duration (Smithdale 1). He would refund any extra payments to PCT whenever the units were fewer than agreed. Mr Janujaz discovered he could not keep up with the rates of refunds and stopped giving Mr Valilas his dues (Steward and Dixon 1). Mr Valilas responded by terminating the contract, forcing the contract between Mr Janujaz and the PCT to end as well (Woods and Rowan 1). The issue came before the Court of Appeal to determine whether: Mr Janujaz’s stopping of the monthly pay ments constituted a repudiatory breach; and if it was not, whether Mr Valilas was responsible for any damages incurred by Mr Janujaz by ceding his contract with the PCT. As Elliott and Hemming (1) noted, by a ratio of 2:1, the Court ruled that the non-payment did not constitute a repudiatory breach on the following grounds: a) the contract did not specify when the monthly payments were to be made; b) the duty to make timely payments was vague; it did not envisage the problem and did not specify actions that would constitute non-compliance with the terms; c) Mr Janujaz could have completed the repayments, though, at a later date; and Mr Valilas was not at risk of any material loss due to the delayed payment.Elliott, Geraldine and Hemming, Daniel. â€Å"Repudiation: dentists breach does not go to the root of the contract.† International Law Office, 1 Jul. 2014. Web 28 Feb 2015. Palmer, Edwards Wildman. â€Å"The Court of Appeal drills deep into ‘the root of the contra ct’ and finds itself divided on whether there was a repudiatory breach for late payment.† The Inhouse Lawyer, 2 June 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. Smithdale, James. â€Å"Januzaj v Valilas [2014] EWCA Civ 436.† Stone Chambers, June 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2015. Steward, Geoff and Dixon, Emma. â€Å"In the Jaws of a dilemma.† Macfarlanes LLP, 19 Jun. 2014. Web 28 Feb. 2015. Woods Daniel and Rowan Gregg. â€Å"Court of Appeal finds deliberate non-payment did not justify termination.† Habert Smith Freehills Dispute Resolution, 23 Jun. 2014. Web 28 Feb 2015.

5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation

5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation 5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation 5 Cases of Extraneous Hyphenation By Mark Nichol Hyphens are used primarily to organize two or more words into phrases to aid in reading comprehension. Although errors in the use of hyphens are usually errors of omission, erroneous overuse is also common. Beware of superfluous use of hyphens in sentences such as the ones shown below. 1. The answer is to find a silver-bullet that will wean us from fossil fuels. Hyphenated compound nouns used to be common, but most have become closed compounds. Some exceptions persist or have been coined relatively recently (dry-cleaning, go-getter, light-year, well-being), but â€Å"silver bullet,† meaning â€Å"a simple solution to a complicated problem,† is not one of them: â€Å"The answer is to find a silver bullet that will wean us from fossil fuels.† 2. She found herself routinely all-but-ignoring such comments. Here, all and but modify the verb ignoring, and the phrase needs no hyphenation: â€Å"She found herself routinely all but ignoring such comments.† 3. The company reported a $10-million deficit. Hyphens are not necessary in a phrasal adjective consisting of a numeral and a term for an order of magnitude such as million: â€Å"The company reported a $10 million deficit.† (However, when a number is spelled out and combined with million or a similar term, do hyphenate the phrasal adjective: â€Å"The company reported a ten-million-dollar deficit.†) 4. Hard work must be balanced with a feeling of fun, fellowship, and esprit-de-corps. Native and adopted noun phrases (with rare exceptions such as pick-me-up and tà ªtetà ªte) do not require hyphens: â€Å"Hard work must be balanced with a feeling of fun, fellowship, and esprit de corps.† 5. Roughly two-dozen students stood up at the meeting of the school board to protest the decision. Do not link a spelled-out number with dozen to describe a multiple of twelve: â€Å"Roughly two dozen students stood up at the meeting of the school board to protest the decision.† (However, when using a spelled-out number with score to mean â€Å"a multiple of twenty,† treat the term as a closed compound, as with fourscore.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsThe Possessive ApostropheUses of the Past Participle

Journal opinion artical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Journal opinion artical - Essay Example Taking security measures by posting additional police personnel will serve as a stop-gap arrangement and it is not going to solve the problems on a permanent footing. Take it that using gun for violent acts is the type of negativity like smoking, drinking, drug addiction etc. Are we able to control the drug mafia? They thrive and score a march over the law-enforcing authorities and the Nation spends a huge budget in preventing smuggling of drugs across the borders. So, it is not about drafting a good law and getting it passed. In the light of the recent tragedy of massacre of 26 people, including 20 children in the age group of 5-10 years in a Connecticut Elementary School, one of the worst mass shootings in U.S. history, getting the bill passed at the national level should be possible for the Obama administration. Good laws need noble individuals for implementation. So the issue of creating noble individuals attains top priority. The gun control measure, and the first flush of enthu siasm exhibited by the law enforcing authorities, may reduce the percentage of gun-ridden crimes and shootouts. I therefore, reiterate my support for it, for the simple reason that there is no other alternative. But what are the economic implications of introducing the law on gun control? According to the provisions in the intended law, each teacher will carry the gun in the class room environment. Police personnel will be posted in the campus, at a conspicuous place. This is a burden on the economy of the education system, which ultimately will be passed on to the taxpayer. When the law is implemented, will it lead to the permanent solution to the problem? Instead, it may create more problems. The attackers always have the advantage of surprise element and in a big campus if one or two police personnel are posted nothing tangible is going to happen from the security point of view. The attacker will obviously come with prior scouting of the premises and the teacher in the class, tho ugh possesses the gun, will be the sitting ducks, as she has no robotic devises with reflex actions to protect her. Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein says the bill is intended "to help end the mass-shootings that have devastated countless families and terrorized communities."(USA Law†¦) She is right. But she has not addressed to the root cause of the problem, as she will not be able to do anything about it. Senators are aware of their limitations, so are we! The issue is, those who are bent upon acquiring the guns, will get them through clandestine channels. Just look around and see how the terrorist organizations are amassing demonic weapons of their choice, including military-type assault rifles. When tempers on the issue gets cooled down, the related realities will come to the fore. Those supporting the gun ownership rights have taken a stand to oppose the bill. â€Å"Most Republican lawmakers, and even some Democratic proponents of gun ownership rights, are expected to o ppose the bill. America’s main gun rights lobby, the National Rifle Association, is already gearing up for a major legislative battle.† (USA Law†¦)Thus this law and order problem gives rise to serious economic implications as more security personnel will have to be employed at all levels. What happened at the school on the day of the shootout needs a careful and

Current and Non-Current Assets Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current and Non-Current Assets Paper - Essay Example For instance; accounts that are receivable are the owing by clients and these should be reflected in the balance sheet in the value realizable. To this those accounts whose collectibility is uncertain must be free of an allowance referred to as doubtful debts and thus should reflect the realizable value. The realizable value is the amount expected to be taken in cash form in reasonable terms. Cash equivalents are those securities that are near-cash like treasury bills of the US expected to mature in three-month time or in a shorter period. Inventory on the other hand, may not always be liquid in conditions of crisis. For example; those commodities that are perishable in nature, high fashion goods, seasonal commodities, things subjected to obsolescence due to their technological nature or the items of trendy nature. Due to the fact that inventory can easily fall in value, it must be reflected in the balance sheet at the value lower of market and cost values. (Livingstone and Grossman, 2001) While currents assets are utilizable or consumable within a year, non-current assets are different in that they can be used fore more than one year. Relatively non-current assets are costly and they aid a business to operate over a long time. Attention in the management of current assets is centered on their transportability and liquidity, but it’s different when it comes to non-current assets. Non-current assets demand attention because of their expensiveness in terms of cost and the long time horizon coverage. This nature of non-current assets calls for an extensive time view in acquisition, planning and management. Non current assets are usually acquired for utilization in the business operations and they are not purposed for resale. They give to the businesses economic benefits for a period extending longer than one accounting period. They are classified into two categories; tangible and intangible. Tangible assets are also